Get answers from Weegy and a team of really smart live experts. Popular Conversations. Fill in the blank space with an antonym of the italicized word. Weegy: 1. He couldn't bear the cold of Alaska after living in the heat of Texas. He has been accused of theft, but we What was one of the significance impacts of the scientific revolution Weegy: One of the significant impacts of the scientific revolution is that it resulted in developments in mathematics, Although the Ming capital, Beijing , fell in , remnants of the Ming throne and power now collectively called the Southern Ming survived until The Civil Service and a strong centralized government developed during this period.
Commerce, trade and also naval exploration flourished with ships possibly reaching the Americas in , before Christopher Columbus set sail. Towards the end of the Ming rule, the first European colony, Macao, was founded Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy, including four-masted ships of 1, tons displacement, and a standing army of 1,, troops.
Over , tons of iron per year were produced in North China roughly 1 kg per inhabitant , and many books were printed using movable type. There were strong feelings amongst the Han ethnic group against the rule by non-Han ethnic groups during the subsequent Qing Dynasty , and the restoration of the Ming dynasty was used as a rallying cry up until the modern era.
Towards the end of the dynasty, the Emperors increasingly retired from public life and power devolved to influential officials, and also to their eunuchs. Strife among the ministers, which the eunuchs used to their advantage, and corruption in the court all contributed to the demise of this long dynasty. Their successors would have to deal with the increased influence of the European powers in China, and the subsequent loss of complete autonomy.
The earlier overseas explorations yielded to isolationism, as the idea that all outside of China was barbarian took hold, known as Sinocentrism. However, a China that ceased to deal with outsiders was badly placed to deal with them, which led to her becoming a theatre for European imperial ambition. The discrimination led to a peasant revolt that pushed the Yuan dynasty back to the Mongolian steppes. However, historians such as Joseph Walker dispute this theory. Other causes include paper currency over-circulation, which caused inflation to go up tenfold during the reign of Yuan Emperor Shundi, along with the flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects.
In Late Yuan times, agriculture was in shambles. When hundreds of thousands of civilians were called upon to work on the Yellow River, war broke out. A number of Han Chinese groups revolted, and eventually the group led by Zhu Yuanzhang, assisted by an ancient and secret intellectual fraternity called the Summer Palace people, established dominance.
The rebellion succeeded and the Ming Dynasty was established in Nanjing in Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu as his reign title. The Ming dynasty emperors were members of the Zhu family. Hongwu kept a powerful army organized on a military system known as the Wei-so system, which was similar to the Fu-ping system of the Tang Dynasty.
According to Ming Shih Gao, the political intention of the founder of the Ming Dynasty in establishing the Wei-so system was to maintain a strong army while avoiding bonds between commanding officers and soldiers.
Hongwu supported the creation of self-supporting agricultural communities. Neo-feudal land-tenure developments of Late Song times were expropriated with the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. Great land estates were confiscated by the government, fragmented and rented out; private slavery was forbidden.
Consequently, after the death of the Yongle Emperor , independent peasant landholders predominated in Chinese agriculture. It is notable that Hongwu did not trust Confucians. However, during the next few emperors, the Confucian scholar gentry, marginalized under the Yuan for nearly a century, once again assumed their predominant role in running the empire.
This map shows Ming Dynasty China in The basic pattern of governmental institutions in China has been the same for two thousand years, but every dynasty installed special offices and bureaus for certain purposes. The Ming administration was also structured in this pattern: the Grand Secretariat neige; before: zhongshusheng was assisting the emperor, besides are the Six Ministries Liubu for Personnel libu , Revenue hubu , Rites libu , War bingbu , Justice xingbu , and Public Works gongbu , under the Department of State Affairs shangshu sheng.
The Censorate duchayuan; before: yushitai surveiling the work of imperial officials was also an old institution with a new name. The first emperor of Ming in his persecution mania abolished the Secretariat, the Censorate and the Chief Military Commission dudufu and personally took over the responsibility and administration of the respective ressorts, the Six Ministries, the Five Military Commissions wu junfu , and the censorate ressorts: a whole administration level was cut out and only partially rebuilt by the following emperors.
The ministries, headed by a minister shangshu and run by directors langzhong stayed under direct control of the emperor until the end of Ming, the Censorate was reinstalled and first staffed with investigating censors jiancha yushi , later with censors-in-chief du yushi. Of special interest during the Ming Dynasty is the vast imperial household that was staffed with thousands of eunuchs , headed by the Directorate of Palace Attendants neishijian , and divided into different directorates jian and Services ju that had to administer the staff, the rites, food, documents, stables, seals, gardens, state-owned manufacturies and so on.
Princes and descendants of the first Ming emperor were given nominal military commands and large land estates, but without title compare the Han and Jin Dynasties, when princes were installed as kings.
The Ming emperors took over the provincial administration system of the Mongols, and the 13 Ming provinces sheng are the origin of the modern provinces.
On the provincial level, the central government structure was copied, and there existed three provincial commissions: one civil, one military, and one for surveillance. Below province level were the prefectures fu under a prefect zhifu and subprefectures zhou under a subprefect zhizhou , the lowest unit was the district xian under a magistrate zhixian.
Like during the former dynasties, a traveling inspector or Grand Coordinator xunfu from the Censorate controlled the work of the provincial administrations. New during the Ming Dynasty was the traveling military inspector zongdu. Decorated in dragons and phoenixes it was made to stand in an imperial palace. Made sometime during the Xuande reign period of the Ming Dynasty.
Currently on display at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The Chinese gained influence over Turkestan. The maritime Asian nations sent envoys with tributes for the Chinese emperor. Internally, the Grand Canal was expanded to its farthest limits and proved to be a stimulus to domestic trade. An ambitious eunuch of Hui descent, a quintessential outsider in the establishment of Confucian scholar elites, Zheng He led seven expeditions from to with six of them under the auspices of Yongle.
The interests of the commercial lobbies and those of the religious lobbies were also linked. Both were offensive to the neo-Confucian sensibilities of the scholarly elite: Religious lobbies encouraged commercialism and exploration, which benefited commercial interests, in order to divert state funds from the anti-clerical efforts of the Confucian scholar gentry.
The first expedition in consisted of ships and 28, men—then the largest naval expedition in history. This tripod planter from the Ming Dynasty is an example of Longquan celadon. It is housed in the Smithsonian in Washington, DC. The economic motive for these huge ventures may have been important, and many of the ships had large private cabins for merchants. But the chief aim was probably political; to enroll further states as tributaries and mark the dominance of the Chinese Empire. Indicative of the competition among elites, these excursions had also become politically controversial.
Their antagonism was, in fact, so great that they tried to suppress any mention of the naval expeditions in the official imperial record. A compromise interpretation realizes that the Mongol raids tilted the balance in the favor of the Confucian elites.
By the end of the fifteenth century, imperial subjects were forbidden from either building oceangoing ships or leaving the country. Some historians speculate that this measure was taken in response to piracy. But during the mids, trade started up again when silver replaced paper money as currency. The value of silver skyrocketed relative to the rest of the world, and both trade and inflation increased as China began to import silver.
Born in into a Muslim family in Yunnan province, Zheng had been captured and castrated by Ming troops and sent into service to the imperial family, where he became a trusted advisor to the future Yongle Emperor. Some 36 countries agreed to form tributary relationships with China, but after the death of the Yongle Emperor, the new regime put an end to the costly expeditions.
Traditional patterns such as the dragon-cloud motif in pottery were, in part, designed for export to the Arab world and, eventually, to Europe. When Vasco da Gama sailed for China in , King Manuel I of Portugal instructed him to bring back two precious commodities: spices and porcelain.
Two years later, da Gama returned, having lost half his men but holding a dozen pieces of chinaware. Usually monetary economies start out with coins made of precious metals and eventually graduate to paper money. In China, paper money was introduced during the Tang 7th century and Song 11th century dynasties.
By the middle of the Ming era, though, instability of the paper currency led it to be replaced by coins minted from silver imported from the Spanish Empire and Japan. By the early 17th century the greatest threat to Ming supremacy lay northeast of the Great Wall in Manchuria.
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